What type of toxin is black widow spider venom?

Black widow spider venom is classified as a neurotoxin, which means it primarily affects the nervous system. Neurotoxins disrupt normal nerve function, often leading to paralysis or other significant changes in bodily functions. In the case of black widow venoms, they target neurotransmitters, particularly affecting the release of acetylcholine at synapses, which can lead to symptoms such as severe muscle cramps, spasms, and even systemic effects.

Understanding that black widow venom specifically interacts with the neurological pathways helps to highlight why this classification as a neurotoxin is crucial for identifying symptoms and determining appropriate medical responses. Other types of toxins serve different functions; for instance, hemotoxins primarily affect blood cells and tissues, cytotoxins damage or destroy cells generally, and cardiotoxins specifically impact the heart. In contrast, the hallmark symptoms of black widow spider bites reinforce the role of neurotoxins in this particular venom.